Understanding Malware

1. What Is Malware?

• Malware is a general term for any type of malicious software.
• Its purpose is to harm systems, steal data, display ads, or demand payment.
• Examples:
  • Keyloggers that send keystrokes to attackers
  • Adware that generates revenue through forced ads
  • Viruses and worms that spread and infect systems

2. Common Types of Malware

• Viruses & Worms: Infect systems and spread across networks.
• Ransomware: Encrypts your files and demands payment for decryption.
• Trojan Horse: Appears as legitimate software but installs malware in the background.
• Rootkits: Provide persistent, hidden access to a system.
• Spyware & Keyloggers: Steal data and monitor user activity.
• Bloatware & Logic Bombs: Slow down systems or execute malicious code under certain conditions.

3. How Malware Works Together

• Malware often functions in a sequence:
  • A worm exploits a vulnerability to gain access.
  • It then installs a backdoor or remote access tool.
  • Additional malware may be downloaded to steal data or perform further actions.

4. How Malware Infects Systems

• Through email links or attachments.
• Via pop-ups or ads on malicious websites.
• Drive-by downloads: Malware is installed without any clicks.
• Automatic propagation via known vulnerabilities.

5. The Role of Software Vulnerabilities

• Applications and OS may have undiscovered vulnerabilities.
• Malware can exploit these holes until patches are released.
• Update regularly to prevent exploitation:
  • OS updates often come monthly.
  • Many apps auto-update when developers release fixes.

6. Why Malware Exists: Data Value

• Personal data (photos, videos, documents) is valuable.
• Organizational data (financial records, employee info) is also targeted.
• Attackers may:
  • Sell data on dark markets.
  • Demand ransom for decryption after encrypting it.

7. Ransomware: A Profitable Threat

• Encrypts personal and business files, demanding payment for recovery.
• Operating system remains functional to display ransom instructions.
• Uses cryptography to hold your data hostage.
• Payment is often demanded in cryptocurrency.
• Best defense: Maintain secure, offline backups.

8. Importance of Backups

• Backups allow you to restore your system without paying ransom.
• Backups should be stored offline to avoid infection.
• Test your backups periodically to ensure they work.

9. Keeping Your System Safe

• Keep your OS and applications updated to patch vulnerabilities.
• Use reputable anti-malware or antivirus software.
• Ensure malware signatures are always up to date.
• Educate users about phishing, suspicious links, and downloads.

10. Best Practices Summary

• Install updates regularly.
• Use offline backups.
• Keep antivirus software updated.
• Practice safe browsing and email habits.